Variable coefficient equations of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili hierarchy: multiple soliton solutions and singular multiple soliton solutions

We give an introduction to a new direct computational method for constructing multiple soliton solutions to nonlinear equations with variable coefficients in the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) hierarchy. We discuss in detail how this works for a generalized (3 + 1)-dimensional KP equation with variable coefficients. Explicit soliton, multiple soliton and singular multiple soliton solutions of the equation are obtained under certain constraints on the coefficient functions. Furthermore, the characteristic-line method is applied to discuss the solitonic propagation and collision under the effect of variable coefficients.