Floral Biology and Inefficient Pollen Removal in Banksia spinulosa var neoanglica (Proteaceae)

Stigma receptivity, pollen longevity and rates of flower opening were examined in Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica. The interaction between these aspects of floral biology and removal of self pollen by floral visitors, autogamous pollen deposition and autogamous fruit set was determined. Flowers were strongly protandrous; most stigmatic grooves opened and maximum stigma receptivity occurred 3-4 days after the flowers opened. Over 80% of pollen was viable when flowers first opened. Pollen longevity was extended; 58% and 33% of pollen was still viable 8 and 12 days respectively after the flowers opened. Rates of flower opening were slow with only 19-32 flowers opening per day, depending on temperature. More than 80% of flowers had self pollen remaining on their pollen presenters 5 days after the flowers opened. Autogamous pollination did not occur until at least 6 days after the flowers opened. Pollen deposition and fruit production were significantly less on autogamous than open-pollinated inflorescences. Pronounced protandry, extended pollen longevity and slow rates of flower opening in B. spinulosa may have been selectively favoured by inefficient removal of self pollen by floral visitors.