Intracrystalline Swelling, Cation Exchange, and Anion Exchange of Minerals of the Montmoril-Lonite Group and of Kaolinite

Abstract The structural formulas were determined of very pure specimens of montmorillonite, bei-dellite, saponite, nontronite, hectorite, wolchonskoite, vermiculite, and batavite. The lattice perfection of these minerals and the nature and variation of their crystalline swelling depend significantly on the surface density of the exchangeable cations between the silicate sheets. In a neutral solution of NH 4 F, OH ions were replaced by F ions. The exchange capacity is smaller the greater the diameter of the silicate layers of the various montmorillonite minerals. Since the anion-exchange capacity of nontronite can be increased through oxidation of Fe 2 it is probable that the exchangeable OH ions are located on the boundaries of the octahedral layers. With kaolinite, the cation-exchange capacity decreases with increasing thickness of the crystal plates. The OH ions of the basal surface can be exchanged with F ions, which leads to the destruction of the lattice. A one-dimensional Fourier synthesis of K-batavite, like the investigations of Walker on vermiculite and of Brown and also Méring on montmorillonite, provides confirmation of the structure and enables the lattice positions of the K ions to be determined.