Morphogenesis of the root cap in adventitious roots of Salix viminalis

The preformed root primordia in stems of Salk viminalis L. consist of undifferentiated cells. Forty‐eight hours after activation of the primordia in cuttings a root cap meristem was initiated four to five cell tiers from the surface of the primordia. The cells distal to the meristem divided only in an anticlinal plane, while in the meristem they divided mostly periclinally but sometimes anticlinally. After 72 hours a columella was established and the amyloplasts began to sediment in response to gravity. Shortly after this stage the roots began to bend slightly downward, probably as a geo‐tropic response. Six days after activation the root cap consisted of up to 15 tiers of cells. The ultrastucture of the cap cells just prior to emergence was studied in more detail. The plastids in the cells adjoining the root proper were typical proplastids. Distal to this cell tier starch accumulated in the plastids. In the fifth tier the amyloplasts were fully sedimented to the lowermost cell walls. The amount of ER increased with the distance from the initial cells and most of it was located at the distal periclinal cell wall. The nucleus and the vacuoles in the geo‐sensitive cells occurred in the space above the sedimented amyloplasts. The cytoplasm was less electron opaque than in the initial cells and the mitochondria had more cristae. In the distal cells of the columella and the lateral root cap secretion of mucilage seemed to have started. Numerous large dictyosomes were associated with large vesicles containing a fibrillar or granular material. The plasmalemma lining the distal periclinal cell wall had separated from the wall. A fibrillar material was present between the plasmalemma and the wall and also in intercellular spaces outside the root cap.