El niÑo-southern oscillation (ENSO)
Henry F. Díaz
Abstract
Henry F. Díaz
Abstract
Allan, R. J., 1988. El Niño-Southern Oscillation influences in the Australasian region. Prog. Phys. Geog., 12, 4–40. Google Scholar Barnett, T. P., Latif, M., Kirk, E., and Roeckner, E., 1991. On ENSO physics. J. Climate, 4, 487–515. Google Scholar Bjerknes, J., 1966. A possible response of the atmospheric Hadley circulation to equatorial anomalies of ocean temperature. Tellus, 18, 820–29. Google Scholar Roeckner, E. Latif, M. Kirk, E. Barnett, T.P. Allan, R.J. Bjerknes, J., 1969. Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. Month. Weather Rev., 97, 163–172. Google Scholar Chu, P.-S., 1991. Brazil's climate anomalies and ENSO. In Glantz, M. H., Katz, R. W., and Nicholls, N. (eds), Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–71. Google Scholar Deser, C., and Wallace, J. M., 1987. El Niño events and their relation to the Southern Oscillation: 1925–1986. J. Geophys. Res., 92 , 14, 189–96. Google Scholar Diaz, H. F., and Kiladis, G. N., 1992. Atmospheric teleconnections associated with the extreme phases of the Southern Oscillation. In Diaz, H. F. and Markgraf, V. (eds), El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 7–28. Google Scholar Diaz, H. F., and Markgraf, V. (eds), 1992. El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 476 pp. Google Scholar Enfield, D. B., 1988. Is El Niño becoming more common? Oceanography, 1, 23–7. Google Scholar Enfield, D. B., 1989. El Niño, past and present. Rev. Geophys., 27, 159–87. Google Scholar Fu, C., Diaz, H. F., and Fletcher, J. O., 1986. Characteristics of the response of sea surface temperature in the central Pacific associated with warm episodes of the Southern Oscillation, Month. Weather Rev., 114, 1716–38. Google Scholar Glantz, M. H., Katz, R. W., and Nicholls, N. (eds), 1991. Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 535 pp. Google Scholar Hastenrath, S., and Heller, L., 1977. Dynamics of climatic hazards in northeast Brazil. Q.J.R. Met. Soc., 103, 77–92. Google Scholar Janowiak, J. E., 1988. An investigation of interannual rainfall variability in Africa. J. Climate, 1, 240–55. Google Scholar Kiladis, G. N., and Diaz, H. F., 1989. Global climatic anomalies associated with extremes of the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 2, 1069–90. Google Scholar Kiladis, G. N., and Sinha, S. K., 1991. ENSO, monsoon and drought in India. In Glantz, M. H., Katz, R. W., and Nicholls, N. (eds), Teleconnections: Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 431–58. Google Scholar Kiladis, G. N., and van Loon, H., 1988. The Southern Oscillation. Part VIII: Meteorological anomalies over the Indian and Pacific sectors associated with the extremes of the oscillation. Month. Weather Rev., 110, 120–36. Google Scholar Lamb, P. J., and Peppler, R. A., 1991. West Africa. In Glantz, M. H., Katz, R. W., and Nicholls, N. (eds), Teleconnections: Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 121–89. Google Scholar Lau, K.-M., and Sheu, P. J., 1988. Annual cycle, quasi-biennial oscillation, and Southern Oscillation in global precipitation. J. Geophys. Res., 93 , 10, 975–88. Google Scholar Nicholls, N., 1992. Historical El Niño/Southern Oscillation variability in the Australasian region. In Diaz, H. F., and Markgraf, V. (eds), El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 151–73. Google Scholar Nicholson, S. E., and Entekhabi, D., 1986. The quasi-periodic behavior of rainfall variability in Africa and its relationship to the Southern Oscillation. Arch. Meteorol., Geophys. Bioklimatol., A34, 311–48. Google Scholar Parthasarathy, B., and Pant, G. B., 1985. Seasonal relationships between Indian summer monsoon rainfall and the Southern Oscillation. J. Climatol., 5, 369–78. Google Scholar Philander, S. G.H., 1985. El Niño and La Nina, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2652–62. Google Scholar Philander, S. G.H., 1990. El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation. OrlandoFla.: Academic Press, 289 pp. Google Scholar Pickard, G. L., and Emery, W. J., 1982. Descriptive Physical Oceanography. New York: Pergamon Press, 249 pp. Google Scholar Rasmusson, R. M., and Carpenter, T. H., 1982. Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation. Month. Weather Rev., 110, 354–84. Google Scholar Rasmusson, R. M., and Carpenter, T. H., 1983. The relationship between eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures and rainfall over India and Sri Lanka. Month. Weather Rev., 111, 517–28. Google Scholar Rogers, J. C., 1988. Precipitation variability over the Caribbean and tropical Americas associated with the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 1, 172–82. Google Scholar Ropelewski, C. F., and Halpert, M. S., 1986. North American precipitation and temperature patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Month. Weather Rev., 114, 2352–62. Google Scholar Ropelewski, C. F., and Halpert, M. S., 1987. Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Month. Weather Rev., 115, 1606–26. Google Scholar Streten, N. A., and Zillman, J. W., 1984. Climate of the South Pacific Ocean. In World Survey of Climatology, Volume 15: The Oceans. New York: Elsevier, 716 pp. Google Scholar Trenberth, K., 1976. Spatial and temporal variations of the Southern Oscillation. Q.J.R. Met. Soc., 102, 639–53. Google Scholar Trenberth, K. E., 1984. Signal versus noise in the Southern Oscillation. Month. Weather Rev., 112, 326–32. Google Scholar van Loon, H., and Shea, D. J., 1985. The Southern Oscillation. Part IV: The precursors south of 15°S to the extremes of the oscillation. Month. Weather Rev., 113, 2063–74. Google Scholar Walker, G. T., 1923. Correlations in seasonal variations of weather. Part VIII: A preliminary study of world weather. Mem. Indian Met. Dep., 24, 75–131. Google Scholar Webster, P. J., and Yang, S., 1992. Monsoon and ENSO: Selectively interactive systems, Q.J.R. Met. Soc., 118, 877–926. Google Scholar Cross-references Climatic Modeling ; Global Climatic Change Modeling and Monitoring ; Oceanography Download references
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Allan, R. J., 1988. El Niño-Southern Oscillation influences in the Australasian region. Prog. Phys. Geog., 12, 4–40. Google Scholar Barnett, T. P., Latif, M., Kirk, E., and Roeckner, E., 1991. On ENSO physics. J. Climate, 4, 487–515. Google Scholar Bjerknes, J., 1966. A possible response of the atmospheric Hadley circulation to equatorial anomalies of ocean temperature. Tellus, 18, 820–29. Google Scholar Roeckner, E. Latif, M. Kirk, E. Barnett, T.P. Allan, R.J. Bjerknes, J., 1969. Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. Month. Weather Rev., 97, 163–172. Google Scholar Chu, P.-S., 1991. Brazil's climate anomalies and ENSO. In Glantz, M. H., Katz, R. W., and Nicholls, N. (eds), Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–71. Google Scholar Deser, C., and Wallace, J. M., 1987. El Niño events and their relation to the Southern Oscillation: 1925–1986. J. Geophys. Res., 92 , 14, 189–96. Google Scholar Diaz, H. F., and Kiladis, G. N., 1992. Atmospheric teleconnections associated with the extreme phases of the Southern Oscillation. In Diaz, H. F. and Markgraf, V. (eds), El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 7–28. Google Scholar Diaz, H. F., and Markgraf, V. (eds), 1992. El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 476 pp. Google Scholar Enfield, D. B., 1988. Is El Niño becoming more common? Oceanography, 1, 23–7. Google Scholar Enfield, D. B., 1989. El Niño, past and present. Rev. Geophys., 27, 159–87. Google Scholar Fu, C., Diaz, H. F., and Fletcher, J. O., 1986. Characteristics of the response of sea surface temperature in the central Pacific associated with warm episodes of the Southern Oscillation, Month. Weather Rev., 114, 1716–38. Google Scholar Glantz, M. H., Katz, R. W., and Nicholls, N. (eds), 1991. Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 535 pp. Google Scholar Hastenrath, S., and Heller, L., 1977. Dynamics of climatic hazards in northeast Brazil. Q.J.R. Met. Soc., 103, 77–92. Google Scholar Janowiak, J. E., 1988. An investigation of interannual rainfall variability in Africa. J. Climate, 1, 240–55. Google Scholar Kiladis, G. N., and Diaz, H. F., 1989. Global climatic anomalies associated with extremes of the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 2, 1069–90. Google Scholar Kiladis, G. N., and Sinha, S. K., 1991. ENSO, monsoon and drought in India. In Glantz, M. H., Katz, R. W., and Nicholls, N. (eds), Teleconnections: Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 431–58. Google Scholar Kiladis, G. N., and van Loon, H., 1988. The Southern Oscillation. Part VIII: Meteorological anomalies over the Indian and Pacific sectors associated with the extremes of the oscillation. Month. Weather Rev., 110, 120–36. Google Scholar Lamb, P. J., and Peppler, R. A., 1991. West Africa. In Glantz, M. H., Katz, R. W., and Nicholls, N. (eds), Teleconnections: Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 121–89. Google Scholar Lau, K.-M., and Sheu, P. J., 1988. Annual cycle, quasi-biennial oscillation, and Southern Oscillation in global precipitation. J. Geophys. Res., 93 , 10, 975–88. Google Scholar Nicholls, N., 1992. Historical El Niño/Southern Oscillation variability in the Australasian region. In Diaz, H. F., and Markgraf, V. (eds), El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 151–73. Google Scholar Nicholson, S. E., and Entekhabi, D., 1986. The quasi-periodic behavior of rainfall variability in Africa and its relationship to the Southern Oscillation. Arch. Meteorol., Geophys. Bioklimatol., A34, 311–48. Google Scholar Parthasarathy, B., and Pant, G. B., 1985. Seasonal relationships between Indian summer monsoon rainfall and the Southern Oscillation. J. Climatol., 5, 369–78. Google Scholar Philander, S. G.H., 1985. El Niño and La Nina, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2652–62. Google Scholar Philander, S. G.H., 1990. El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation. OrlandoFla.: Academic Press, 289 pp. Google Scholar Pickard, G. L., and Emery, W. J., 1982. Descriptive Physical Oceanography. New York: Pergamon Press, 249 pp. Google Scholar Rasmusson, R. M., and Carpenter, T. H., 1982. Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation. Month. Weather Rev., 110, 354–84. Google Scholar Rasmusson, R. M., and Carpenter, T. H., 1983. The relationship between eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures and rainfall over India and Sri Lanka. Month. Weather Rev., 111, 517–28. Google Scholar Rogers, J. C., 1988. Precipitation variability over the Caribbean and tropical Americas associated with the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 1, 172–82. Google Scholar Ropelewski, C. F., and Halpert, M. S., 1986. North American precipitation and temperature patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Month. Weather Rev., 114, 2352–62. Google Scholar Ropelewski, C. F., and Halpert, M. S., 1987. Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Month. Weather Rev., 115, 1606–26. Google Scholar Streten, N. A., and Zillman, J. W., 1984. Climate of the South Pacific Ocean. In World Survey of Climatology, Volume 15: The Oceans. New York: Elsevier, 716 pp. Google Scholar Trenberth, K., 1976. Spatial and temporal variations of the Southern Oscillation. Q.J.R. Met. Soc., 102, 639–53. Google Scholar Trenberth, K. E., 1984. Signal versus noise in the Southern Oscillation. Month. Weather Rev., 112, 326–32. Google Scholar van Loon, H., and Shea, D. J., 1985. The Southern Oscillation. Part IV: The precursors south of 15°S to the extremes of the oscillation. Month. Weather Rev., 113, 2063–74. Google Scholar Walker, G. T., 1923. Correlations in seasonal variations of weather. Part VIII: A preliminary study of world weather. Mem. Indian Met. Dep., 24, 75–131. Google Scholar Webster, P. J., and Yang, S., 1992. Monsoon and ENSO: Selectively interactive systems, Q.J.R. Met. Soc., 118, 877–926. Google Scholar Cross-references Climatic Modeling ; Global Climatic Change Modeling and Monitoring ; Oceanography Download references
Key concepts: El Niño Southern Oscillation, Multivariate ENSO index, Oscillation (cell signaling), Southern oscillation, Climatology, Geology, Geography, Environmental science