Nuclear magnetic shielding of hydrated alkali and halide ions in aqueous solution

Various methods for the determination of the paramagnetic term of the shielding constant of alkali and halide ions in dilute aqueous solution are discussed. Values of the chemical shift of the hydrated ions, σp Maq+ and σp Xaq− , are obtained from solvent isotope chemical shifts of halide ions; spin relaxation rates of quadrupolar nuclei in dilute aqueous solution and from the concentration dependence of the chemical shift and relaxation rates of alkali and halogen nuclei in aqueous solutions of alkali halides.