A new basis for cosmology

Abstract The modern study of cosmology is dominated by Hubble’s observations of a shift to the red in the spectra of the spiral nebulae—the farthest parts of the universe—indicating that they are receding from us with velocities proportional to their distances from us. These observations show us, in the first place, that all the matter in a particular part of space has the same velocity (to a certain degree of accuracy) and suggest a model of the universe in which there is a natural velocity for the matter at any point, varying continuously from one point to a neighbouring point. Referred to a four-dimensional space-time picture, this natural velocity provides us with a preferred time-axis at each point, namely, the time-axis with respect to which the matter in the neighbourhood of the point is at rest. By measuring along this preferred time-axis we get an absolute measure of time, called the epoch. Such ideas of a preferred time-axis and absolute time depart very much from the principles of both special and general relativity and lead one to expect that relativity will play only a subsidiary role in the subject of cosmology. This first point of view, which differs markedly from that of the early workers in this field, has been much emphasized recently by Milne.