Development of Air Showers in the Atmosphere

An experiment was carried out at Mt. Evans, Colorado (altitude 4300 m) to study the development of extensive air showers in the atmosphere. Showers with cores striking near a cloud-chamber-hodoscope arrangement were selected, and the differential energy spectrum of the shower particles determined by observing their transition effect in six \textonehalf{}-in. lead plates with a 68-counter hodoscope. Each shower can be assigned an age classification on the basis of this energy spectrum. The lateral structure function between 2 m and 8 m from the core was obtained from measurements of the particle densities at four extension trays containing 50 counters with a total area of 1.34 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$. It was found from the hodoscope data that the lateral structure function of the showers of various ages does not agree well with the predictions of the single-particle cascade theory. The observed structure function for showers at and beyond the cascade maximum is less steep than expected near the axis; this is consistent with multiple production of shower-producing particles in the primary collision. It was also found that the lateral distribution of showers past the cascade maximum varies only slowly with age; this tendency is predicted in a general way by the cascade theory, but only at a much later stage of development than observed and with quite a different slope of the distribution curve. The interpretation of this effect as the result of a "rejuvenation" of the shower by the continuous transfer of energy from the nucleonic cascade to the electron cascade is therefore more likely.