Moisture-Sensitive and Stress-Dependent Behavior of Unbound Pavement Materials from in Situ Falling Weight Deflectometer Tests

In an instrumented flexible pavement with a subsurface drainage system, a field study was performed to investigate the influence of water on the response of the pavement structure. The drainage system of the structure was clogged for 3 months; this condition allowed the groundwater to rise and the structure to undergo high moisture conditions. Reopening of the drainage system permitted the structure to approach its previous draining hydrological state. Along with monitoring of subsurface groundwater level and moisture content, the structural response of the pavement was studied by conducting frequent falling weight deflectometer tests with multilevel loads. The stress sensitivity of the unbound layers and the influence of moisture on their stiffness were studied, with the intent of using the data to determine the unbound materials' nonlinear parameters through a backcalculation algorithm. The groundwater level rose rapidly after the drainage system was clogged. This rise in groundwater level significantly affected the overall stiffness of the pavement structure, and the backcalculated stiffness of the unbound layers decreased as their moisture content increased. Furthermore, the unbound layers exhibited stress-dependent behavior to multilevel loads. The subgrade showed a stress-softening response in an unsaturated condition and stress-independent behavior in a saturated state. The granular layer exhibited stress-hardening behavior. Backcalculation of the unbound nonlinear parameters determined by the universal extended k–θ model revealed that the k 1 parameter decreased with increasing moisture content for both the unbound granular layer and the unsaturated fine-grained subgrade material.