Observations of highly nonlinear internal solitons over the continental shelf

Surface disturbances caused by strong, near‐surface internal waves are widely seen in coastal regions as bands of slick and rough water propagating shoreward. These surface slicks are typically manifestations of optical and radar backscatter properties above internal solitons, and have strong surface current pulses associated with them. During a recent experiment studying coastal internal waves, extremely strong solitary internal wave packets were observed over a three week period on a very shallow and strongly stratified pycnocline off Northern Oregon. During periods of strongest tidal forcing, solitons were consistently observed on the leading edge of a semidiurnal internal tide bore, with pycnocline displacements up to 25m downward from a 7m initial depth in the first few solitons. The extreme nonlinearity of these internal waves is believed to be unique in ocean observations. This note characterizes these highly nonlinear Solitary Internal Waves (SIW) and presents a second order KdV model which reproduces the form of the displacements, and the small change in soliton width with amplitude predicted by this model.