Trials for the possible new controlling techniques as countermeasures against insecticide resistant vector mosquitoes

The dramatic success of ITNs and LLINs in African countries and excessive use of photo-stable pyrethroids in Southeast Asian countries have been countered by the rapid development of pyrethroid resistance in vector mosquitoes over the past decade. Use of excito-repellency of chemicals might be biorational, since such repellency will not induce any physiological resistance. However, little is known about the relationship between the mode of insecticide resistance and excito-repellency in pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes.Trials for some insecticide delivery systems using pyrethroids, metofluthrin and permethrin, and JHM, pyriproxyfen, are introduced in the present review and possible use of these systems as new biorational mosquito controlling measures which might be countermeasures against pyrethroid-resistant mosquito vectors is discussed. New self-protection measures using exito-repellent type I pyrethroids as substitutional or supplemental techniques for bio-rational vector control measures, as well as reconsideration of the use of photo-unstable knockdown agents as spatial repellents, which effectively interfere with disease transmission without causing any selection pressure to insect populations are also proposed.