A METHOD FOR SETTING UPPER LIMITS TO THE EXTRAGALACTIC BACKGROUND LIGHT WITH FERMI -LAT AND TeV OBSERVATIONS OF BLAZARS

We propose a method for setting upper limits to the extragalactic background light (EBL). Our method uses simultaneous Fermi -LAT and ground-based TeV observations of blazars and is based on the assumption that the intrinsic spectral energy distribution (SED) of TeV blazars lies below the extrapolation of the Fermi -LAT SED from GeV to TeV energies. By extrapolating the Fermi -LAT spectrum, which for TeV blazars is practically unattenuated by photon–photon pair production with EBL photons, a firm upper limit on the intrinsic SED at TeV energies is provided. The ratio of the extrapolated spectrum to the observed TeV spectrum provides upper limits to the optical depth for the propagation of the TeV photons due to pair production on the EBL, which in turn sets firm upper limits to EBL models. We demonstrate our method using simultaneous observations from Fermi -LAT and ground-based TeV telescopes of the blazars PKS 2155−304 and 1ES 1218+304, and show that high EBL density models are disfavored. We also discuss how our method can be optimized and how Fermi and X-ray monitoring observations of TeV blazars can guide future TeV campaigns, leading to potentially much stronger constraints on EBL models.