Self-efficacy theory: Implications for social facilitation and social loafing.

Two experiments indicate that the areas of social facilitation and social loafing are complementary and can be conceptualized in terms of self-efficacy theory. In Experiment 1, efficacy expectancies were manipulated by false performance feedback, and outcome expectancies were manipulated by 3 group conditions (alone, coaction, and collective). In Experiment 2, efficacy expectancies developed spontaneously while participants performed easy or difficult tasks, and outcome expectancies were manipulated by 3 evaluative conditions (alone, evaluation, and no evaluation)