Time-resolved investigation of low-density plasma channels produced by a kilohertz femtosecond laser in air

By employing pump-probe back longitudinal diffractometry, the electron density and decay dynamics of a weak plasma channel created by a 1-KHz fs laser in air has been investigated. With ultrashort laser pulses of 50 fs and low energy of 0.6 mJ, we observe weak plasma channels with a length $\ensuremath{\sim}2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ in air. An analytical reconstruction method of electron density has been analyzed, which is sensitive to the phase shift and channel size. The electron density in the weak plasma channel is extracted to be about $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The diameters of the plasma channel and the filament are about 50 and $150\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$, respectively, and the measurable electron density can be extended to less than ${10}^{15}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Moreover, a different time-frequency technique called linearly chirped longitudinal diffractometry is proposed to time-resolved investigate ultrafast ionization dynamics of laser-irradiated gas, laser interaction with cluster beam, etc.