Are we transiting from an industrial policy to a technology policy era?: a theoretical and empirical analysis

Industrial policy and technology policy share common elements, yet the two differ in their philosophical basis, impacts on economy and society and the scope of policies. This paper, noting the salience, attempted to review the characteristics that make the policy approaches similar and different and lead to a discussion on why industrial policy has been 'evolved' into a technology policy approach, especially with regard to technology development. Then, this paper tried to present partial but strong evidence to support the argument of shifting emphasis from industrial to technology policy.