Sunspot umbral oscillations in the photosphere and low chromosphere

In the present simultaneous measurement of sunspot umbrae velocity oscillations in one spectral line formed in the low photosphere, and in another formed in the low chromosphere, just above the temperature minimum, the velocity power spectrum in each is found to exhibit both 5-min and 3-min oscillations, with the kinetic energy of the latter being at least 5 times greater in the low photosphere than in the low chromosphere. The 3-min umbral oscillation has the character of a coherent, vertically standing wave in the photosphere. These results imply a photospheric, rather than chromospheric, resonant origin for the fundamental 3-min umbral oscillation. A negative phase difference at frequencies around 2 mHz suggests the presence of gravity waves in the umbra.