Stated willingness to pay as hypothetical behaviour: Can attitudes tell us more?

The fact that people only state a hypothetical willingness to pay (WTP) in contingent valuation surveys still causes much debate. Doubters are sceptical about the reliability and validity of contingent valuation estimates, that is, whether people will actually pay the amount stated in the survey. Parallel to this discussion, social psychologists have conducted a great deal of research on the determinants of actual behaviour, particularly attitudes. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyse the relationship between different kinds of attitudes and behaviour. Based on this analysis, a composite attitude-behaviour model is developed and estimated using data from a contingent valuation about the river Elbe in Germany. The results show that attitudes towards the behaviour are the immediate antecedent of the behavioural intention. Accordingly, it is suggested that these attitudes along with attitudes towards the good in question and general attitudes should be measured in order to increase predictive validity.