Vitamin A in Blood Plasma and Urine of Dogs is Affected by the Dietary Level of Vitamin A

Dogs differ from other species with respect to the occurrence of a high percentage of retinyl esters in blood plasma and the excretion of substantial amounts of vitamin A in the urine. Our investigation focussed on the effects of different concentrations of vitamin A in the diet, ranging from concentrations below NRC requirements of 25 IU/kg body weight (BW) to 2400 IU/kg BW, on the levels of retinol and retinyl esters (palmitate/oleate and stearate) in canine blood plasma and urine. The plasma levels of retinyl esters paralleled the levels of vitamin A in the feed (r = 0.91; p < 0.001). The highest plasma level (12.1 +/- 0.4 mg/l) was observed at the highest level in the diet. This observation may be explained by the fact that in dogs retinyl esters are associated with lipoproteins. Even under prolonged feeding on vitamin A levels below NRC requirements, retinyl esters were still present in the plasma (2.8 +/- 0.1 mg/l). Levels of retinol were not affected (1.2 +/- 0.03 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.03 mg/l, respectively). In the urine, the concentration of retinol and retinyl palmitate/oleate increased with the first increase of vitamin A in the diet to 1.2 +/- 0.4 mg/l of total vitamin A. Urinary levels were elevated and fluctuated with up to four peaks while dietary vitamin A levels were above NRC requirements. But the amount of retinol and retinyl esters excreted did not show any dependence on the amount of vitamin A in the diet. When the amount of vitamin A in the diet was at or below requirements, only traces of retinol and retinyl esters were detected in urine. Thus, contrary to current knowledge for most other mammals, retinyl ester levels in plasma and retinol and retinyl esters in the urine of dogs proved to be clearly but differently affected by the amount of vitamin A supplied with the diet. Contrary to retinol, plasma levels of retinyl esters closely reflect the actual supply of vitamin A with the feed. The occurrence of retinol and retinyl esters in urine may, however, be due to dietary supply of vitamin A in excess of standard requirements, thereby providing a useful indicator of a dietary supply of vitamin A above requirement. The mechanism involved in the possible regulation of urinary excretion of retinol and retinyl esters remains to be elucidated.