Exercise and Adaptation to Microgravity Environments

The sections in this article are: 1 Exercise Performance After Adaptation to Microgravity 1.1 Maximal Oxygen Uptake 1.2 Exercise Endurance 1.3 Oxygen Uptake and Mechanical Efficiency during Submaximal Exercise 1.4 Time Course of Change in Microgravity 1.5 Age and Gender 1.6 Level of Aerobic Fitness 1.7 Muscle Function: Strength and Fatigability 1.8 Effects of Return to Terrestrial Gravity 2 Physiological Changes Associated with Reduced Exercise Capacity 2.1 Pulmonary Function 2.2 Blood Volume 2.3 Cardiovascular Function 2.4 Morphological Changes in Skeletal Muscle 2.5 Cellular Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle 2.6 Venous and Muscle Compliance 2.7 Changes in Thermoregulation 3 Recovery after Return to the One-Gravity Environment 3.1 Effects of Ambulation and Exercise during Recovery 3.2 Repeated Exposures to Microgravity 4 Exercise as a Countermeasure to Microgravity Adaptation 4.1 and Hemodynamic Responses to Exercise 4.2 Effects on Muscle Structure and Function 4.3 Orthostatic Hypotension after Microgravity Exposure 4.4 Considerations of Future Exercise Prescriptions for Microgravity 5 Summary