Substance use in clinical high risk for psychosis: a review of the literature

AIM: In the literature, there is evidence suggesting an association between substance use and psychosis. However, little is known about substance use in those who may be in the pre-psychotic phase, that is, those who are putatively prodromal are considered to be at clinical high risk (CHR) of developing psychosis. METHODS: We conducted a review of publications measuring patterns and rates of substance use in CHR for psychosis individuals and the effects on the transition to psychosis. RESULTS: Of 5527 potentially relevant research papers, 10 met inclusion criteria of CHR subjects and specifically mentioned substance use in the sample. The results of these studies varied. Cannabis, alcohol and tobacco/nicotine were reported as the most commonly used substances. There was limited information on the changes in patterns of use over time. Two out of the ten studies found a significant association between the use of substances and subsequent transition to psychosis. In one of these studies, substance abuse was a predictor of psychosis when included as a variable in a prediction algorithm. In the other study, the abuse of cannabis and nicotine was associated with transition to psychosis. CONCLUSIONS: We found limited evidence to suggest that increased rates of substance use may be associated with transition to psychosis. However, further prospective research examining the association between substance use and transition to psychosis is required before any firm conclusions can be made.