The activation of proteolysis in the acrosome reaction of guinea-pig sperm

The divalent metal cation ionophore A23187 rapidly induces a normal acrosome reaction in a population of guinea-pig sperm suspended in calcium medium. In the course of the acrosome reaction, proacrosin, the zymogen precursor of the protease acrosin, is activated. Although the acrosome reaction causes exocytosis of the acrosomal contents, 'soluble' acrosin is not released in significant amounts until well after the sperm population as a whole has undergone an acrosome reaction. This suggests that proacrosin is stored within the acrosome in an insoluble form and that exocytosis of the acrosomal contents in the acrosome reaction is insufficient, by itself, to cause its immediate dissolution. Electron micrographs of sperm undergoing an A23187-induced acrosome reaction in the presence of the acrosin inhibitors benzamidine, p-amino-benzamidine and phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride show that the acrosome reaction proceeds normally but that dispersal of the acrosomal contents is inhibited. These morphological changes are, for the most part, below the limit of resolution of the light microscope and using light microscopy to assess whether an acrosome reaction has taken place, it can be mistakenly inferred that the reaction itself is inhibited by the acrosin inhibitors. The inhibition of the dispersal of the acrosomal contents by acrosin inhibitors suggests that acrosin activity is important in solubilizing acrosin. These experimental observations, taken with the evidence that the acrosome reaction is a response to an increase in intracellular free calcium, have been taken as the basis of a proposal for the mechanism of proacrosin activation in the acrosome reaction.