ANDRE LEFEVRE AND TRANSLATION AS A REWRITING PROCESS: THE CANONIZATION OF BERTOLT BRECHT IN THE ANGLO-SAXON WORLD

Translation, probably one of the most complicated facts in human history, offers the very chance for individuals to build bridges between different cultures thanks to the messages, elements, literary and artistic components it conveys from one culture to another. In this respect, translation can be understood as a genuine form of cultural human action. However, this cultural aspect of translation has been neglected throughout the history of translation research due to the fact that translation has been treated as a sub-discipline of (applied) linguistics and literary studies by scholars. As a result, translation has been mainly concerned with questions, such as translatability, faithfulness, accuracy, and equivalence. Even though the questions mentioned above have an enormous importance within the boundaries of the field, the newly emerging discipline ought to have embraced the other aspects of translation which had been disregarded before. The decades of the 1970s and the 1980s have witnessed the untiring efforts of the development and birth of “Translation Studies” as an autonomous discipline. 1976 Leuven Colloquium on Literature and Translation brought theorists from Israel and the Low Countries together and allowed these scholars the opportunity to share their studies with the other experts of translation. The proceeding research which has been carried out in the subsequent years after the Leuven conference played a vital role in the evolution of Translation Studies as an autonomous discipline. The Leuven seminar not only paved the way for the emergence of the discipline, but also strengthened the idea of translation as a crucial element of interaction between cultures in the decade of the 1970s. One of the most important contributions to this seminar was the participation of the Israeli scholar Itamar Even-Zohar with a paper entitled Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem which has launched new debates within the realm of the recently evolving field. In addition to the discussions the study has set forth, the concept of (poly)systems theory has become the focus of attention. In the light of the opinions suggested by Itamar Even-Zohar and other scholars during the Leuven seminar, new approaches have been developed by translation theorists such as, Gideon Toury, Theo