Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease

The clinical presentation of Parkinson's Disease (PD) encompasses a wide spectrum of non-motor symptoms, among which sleep disruption is one of the most common and occurs in virtually all patients with PD. Sleep disorders are complex including insomnia, restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movements of sleep, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), sleep fragmentation and excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep disturbances are independent and important determinant of poor quality of life, influence daily living and can be an important factor contributing to earlier institutionalization. Sleep disorders (RBD) are markers of prodromal PD, additionally they may influence the process of neurodegeneration. Sleep problems frequently remain undeclared by patients and under-recognized by healthcare professionals, leaving many patients without adequate treatment. In this work we review the current knowledge on sleep disorders in PD with the emphasis on therapeutic options including pharmacological and surgical procedures.