Potential and Possible Uses of Bacterial and Fungal Biofertilizers

During the past four decades we have witnessed the doubling of the human population and a concurrent doubling of food production (Vance, 2001). Plant nutrition has played a key role in this dramatic increase in demand for and supply of food. Increases in crop production have been made possible through the use of commercial man-made fertilizers. The use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has increased almost ninefold and phosphorus (P) more than fourfold (Vance, 2001). The tremendous increase of N and P fertilization, in addition to the introduction of highly productive and intensive agricultural systems, has allowed these developments to occur at relatively low costs (Schultz et al., 1995; Vance, 2001). The increasing use of fertilizers and highly productive systems have also created environmental problems such as deterioration of soil quality, surface water, and groundwater, as well as air pollution, reduced biodiversity, and suppressed ecosystem function (Schultz et al., 1995; Socolow, 1999; Vance, 2001).