Fatigue fracture: the basic lesion is inthmic spondylolisthesis.

Hip fracture is an increasingly common and clinically significant injury with substantial economic impact. Associated risk factors are age, gender, race, bone density, activity level, and medical disorders. Prevention efforts include treatment of osteoporosis and programs to reduce the risks of a fall. Nondisplaced or impacted fractures of the femoral neck can be treated with screw fixation. Displaced femoral neck fractures in younger, more active patients may be treated with reduction and fixation. In physiologically older patients, joint arthroplasty is indicated for displaced fractures. In patients with systemic arthritis or preexisting hip disease, total hip arthroplasty may be an appropriate treatment choice. Intertrochanteric fractures are treated with reduction and fixation using either a sliding hip screw and side plate or intramedullary nail with cephalic interlock. Key technical points for successful outcomes include proper patient positioning, using a correct starting point for the nail, achieving acceptable reduction before fixation, and the use of various reduction techniques and aids.