Baroreflex Control of Systemic Arterial Pressure and Vascular Bed

The sections in this article are: 1 Methods of Analysis 1.1 Evaluation of Baroreflex and Experimental Procedures 1.1.1 Electrical Stimulation of Baroreceptor Nerve 1.1.2 Occlusion of Common Carotid Artery 1.1.3 Moissejeff Preparation 1.1.4 Isolated Aortic Arch Preparation 1.2 Elements of Control Theory for Physiological Barostat 1.2.1 Static Open-Loop Gain of Feedback Control 1.2.2 Counteraction from Parallel Feedback Loops 1.3 Estimation of Open-Loop Characteristics From Closed-Loop Perturbations 1.3.1 Counterpressure by Neck Chamber 1.3.2 Perturbation by Hydrostatic Pressure 1.3.3 Pressure Pulse Injection 1.3.4 Mild Hemorrhage as Perturbation 1.4 Summary 2 Overall Performance of Baroreflex 2.1 Static Open-Loop Performance 2.1.1 Carotid Sinus Reflex 2.1.2 Aortic Reflex Versus Carotid Sinus Reflex 2.1.3 Effect of Sympathetic Innervation 2.2 Dynamic Performance 2.2.1 Dynamic Characteristics of Baroreceptor Reflex 2.2.2 Prediction of Closed-Loop Behavior 2.3 Summation of Baroreflex 2.3.1 Bilateral Reflex 2.3.2 Sinoaortic Reflex 2.4 Modulation of Baroreceptor Reflex 2.4.1 Interaction, Resetting, and Modulation 2.4.2 Sleep and Anesthesia 2.4.3 Exercise 2.4.4 Volume Loading and Heart Failure 2.5 Summary 3 Effector Mechanisms for Arterial Pressure Control 3.1 Reflex Control of Cardiac Output Versus Vascular Resistance 3.1.1 Dissociation of Cardiac and Vasomotor Reflex 3.1.2 Reflex Control of Contractility and Cardiac Output 3.1.3 Quantifying Vasomotor Control 3.2 Nonuniform Efferent Signals 3.2.1 Resistance Vessels 3.2.2 Capacity Vessels 4 Epilogue 4.1 Efferent Innervation 4.2 Nonlinear Characteristics 4.3 Reflex in Intact Subject 4.4 Reflex Control of Cardiac Output and Vascular Resistance and Capacity