LIGO: The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory

This chapter features the USA-based LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory – the first of three case studies covering different worldwide interferometric gravitational wave detectors. In addition to describing the basic interferometer operation and its various components, we discuss the technological challenges that have been overcome for its successful operation. Introduction The prediction of gravitational waves (GWs), oscillations in the spacetime metric that propagate at the speed of light, is one of the most profound differences between Einstein's general theory of relativity and the Newtonian theory of gravity that it replaced. As discussed in Chapter 1, GWs remained a theoretical prediction for more than 50 years until the first observational evidence for their existence came with the discovery and subsequent observations of the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16, by Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor (Weisberg and Taylor, 2005). In about 300 million years, the PSR 1913+16 orbit will decrease to the point where the pair coalesces into a single compact object, a process that will produce directly detectable gravitational waves. In the meantime, the direct detection of GWs will require similarly strong sources – extremely large masses moving with large accelerations in strong gravitational fields. The goal of LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (Abramovici et al. , 1992), is just that: to detect and study GWs of astrophysical origin. Achieving this goal will mark the opening of a new window on the Universe, with the promise of new physics and astrophysics. In physics, GW detection could provide information about strong-field gravitation, the untested domain of strongly curved space where Newtonian gravitation is no longer even a poor approximation.