Einstein Revisited: Gravitation In Curved Spacetime Without Event Horizons

It has been shown [1] that Einstein General Relativity can be expressed covariantly in a bi-metric spacetime context, without the uncertainties which arise from the effects of gravitational energy-momentum pseudotensors. We construct a new bi-metric general relativity theory based on a new physical paradigm which allows the operational procedures of local spacetime measurements in general spacetime frames of reference to be defined in a similar manner as that for local spacetime measurements in special relativistic inertial frames. The paradigm [2]uses the Principle of Equivalence to define the symmetric metric tensor of curved spacetime as an exponential function of a symmetric gravitational potential tensor. This exponential function and the requirement that the equations of motion have an N-body interactive form imply that the gravitational potential tensor must obey a superposition principle. This requirement uniquely determines the tensor covariant field equations of the new bi-metric General Relativity. The structure of these field equations implies that, in addition to the matter energy-momentum tensor, a gravitational field stress-energy tensor must appear in the right member of the Einstein field equations. This tensor contributes to the Einstein curvature tensor, both inside and outside of matter, and permits local conservation of energy-momentum. It has been shown [3] that gravitational stress-energy contributions of this type cannot be excluded by existing weak-field tests of general relativity. The new bi-metric General Relativity theory predicts that massive compact astrophysical objects have no event horizons and can possess intrinsic dipole magnetic fields which can affect their accretion disks.