Selection of Initial Frozen Orbit Eccentricity and Evolution of the Orbit Due to Perturbations

An initial frozen orbit eccentricity was calculated using analytical expressions of terms only. Then the time variations of orbital mean eccentricity and argument of perigee were investigated when the order of the Earth's gravity model was increased from terms. For the Earth gravity model upto , an initial frozen eccentricity with the smallest variation was found. The realistic frozen orbit parameter evolution was obtained when various orbital perturbations such as gravitational forces of the Sun and the Moon, solar radiation forces, and air drags were applied.