Chemical production of chondrule oxygen isotopic composition

Defining the source of observed meteoritic O isotopic anomalies remains a fundamental challenge. The O isotopic composition of chondrules are particularly striking. There are at least three types of chemical processes that produce the isotopic compositions observed in chondrules and Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAI's). The processes are rather general, viz, they require no specialized processes and the processes associated with chondrule production are likely to produce the observed compositions.