Hydraulics of Pressurized Flow

Abstract Hydraulics is a branch of fluid mechanics specifically dealing with water as a major fluid in many engineering systems. It is safe to consider water as an incompressible fluid for typical engineering applications. Pressurized flow usually refers to the flow in closed conduits. Hydraulics of pressurized flow involves three basic equations: continuity, energy, and momentum equations. Head loss is important in hydraulics of pressurized flow regardless of system design or flow analysis. Darcy‐Weisbach and Hazen and Williams equations typically estimate friction head loss. The friction factor depends on Reynolds number and relative roughness of the pipe. Total head loss includes friction head loss caused by fluid viscosity and local head losses at changes in the cross section, bends, and various pipe fittings. A pump provides energy head to, and a water turbine takes energy head from, the pipe system.