Fast D/A and A/D converters

An n-bit digital-to-analog (D/A) converter can convert n-bit digital signals with a given base k into an analog signal. It uses no operational amplifiers or any other active components other than switches. The operating time is the time needed for the signal to pass through one switch only. This D/A converter can also convert the sum of digital signals into analog without using extra time to do the addition before converting. This D/A can also be utilized in an A/D converter for converting the difference between an analog signal and several digital signals to a digital signal without using extra time to compute the subtraction. It can also be utilized in an A/D converter for converting an analog signal to a digital signal and then divide by an integer m without using extra time to compute the division.>