Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

Terrorism: A Conceptual Review Terrorism: First Impressions Chapter Introduction The Past as Prologue: Historical Perspectives on Terrorism First Considerations: Exploring Definitions, Sources, and Ideologies The Morality of Terrorist Violence: Four Quotations Terrorism and Criminal Skill: Three Cases in Point Terrorist Symbolism: Oklahoma City and September 11, 2001 Chapter Summary The Nature of the Beast: Defining Terrorism Chapter Introduction Reactionaries and Radicals: Revisiting the Classical Ideological Continuum Understanding Extremism: The Foundation of Terrorism Defining Terrorism: An Ongoing Debate The American Context: Defining Terrorism in the United States A Definitional Problem: Perspectives on Terrorism The Political Violence Matrix Chapter Summary Beginnings: The Causes of Terrorism Chapter Introduction Extreme Convictions: Motives of Terrorists Extreme Circumstances: Explanations of Terrorism Chapter Summary The Terrorists Terror From Above: State Terrorism Chapter Introduction The Problem of Accountability: Monitoring State Terrorism The State as Terrorist: A State Terrorism Paradigm Violence Abroad: State Terrorism as Foreign Policy Violence at Home: State Terrorism as Domestic Policy Chapter Summary Terror From Below: Dissident Terrorism Chapter Introduction The Rebel as Terrorist: A Dissident Terrorism Paradigm Operational Shifts: The New Morality and the Rise of Terrorist Cells Warring Against the State: Antistate Dissident Terrorism Warring Against a People: Communal Terrorism Chapter Summary Violence in the Name of the Faith: Religious Terrorism Chapter Introduction Primary and Secondary Motives: The Idiosyncratic Quality of Religious Terrorism Historical Cases in Point: Fighting, Dying, and Killing in the Name of the Faith State-Sponsored Religious Terrorism in the Modern Era Dissident Religious Terrorism in the Modern Era The Future of Religious Terrorism Chapter Summary Violent Ideologies: Terrorism from the Left and Right Chapter Introduction Radicals and Reactionaries: A Comparison Left-Wing Ideologies and Activism Class Struggle and National Liberation: The Terrorist Left Right-Wing Ideologies and Activism Race and Order: The Terrorist Right Violent Ideologies in the New Era of Terrorism Chapter Summary Terrorist Spillovers: International Terrorism Chapter Introduction Defining International Terrorism Globalized Revolution: Reasons for International Terrorism Globalized Solidarity: International Terrorist Networks The New Era of International Terrorism Postscript: The Stateless Revolutionaries Chapter Summary Emerging Terrorist Environments: Gender-Selective Terrorism and Criminal Dissident Terrorism Chapter Introduction Culture and Conflict: Gender-Selected Victims of Terrorist Violence Protecting the Enterprise: Criminal Dissident Terrorism A Global Problem: Regional Cases of Criminal Terrorism Chapter Summary The Terrorist Trade Tools of the Trade: Tactics and Targets of Terrorists Chapter Introduction The Purpose: Terrorist Objectives The Means: Terrorist Methods The Focus: Terrorist Targets The Outcome: Is Terrorism Effective? Chapter Summary The Information Battleground: Terrorist Violence and the Role of the Media Chapter Introduction Two Perspectives: The Media and Governments A New Battleground: The War for the Information High Ground The Public's Right to Know: Regulating the Media Chapter Summary Final Analysis The American Case: Terrorism in the United States Chapter Introduction An Introduction to the American Case Background to Terrorism: Leftist Activism and Ideological Extremism in America Left-Wing Terrorism in the United States Background to Terrorism: Rightist Activism and Ideological Extremism in America Right-Wing Terrorism in the United States The New Millennium and International Terrorism in the United States Chapter Summary Responding to Terror: The Options Chapter Introduction Background: An Overview of Options Warlike Operations: Counterterrorism and the Use of Force Operations Other Than War: Repressive Options Operations Other Than War: Conciliatory Options Applying the Rule of Law: Legalistic Options Chapter Summary What Next? The Future of Terrorism Chapter Introduction An Overview of Near-Term Projections The Future of Terrorism: New Threats in the New Millennium Controlling Terrorism: New Challenges for a New Millennium Prospects for Terrorism in the United States Chapter Summary Appendixes Glossary Index