Technology needs for treatment of DOE's low-level mixed wastes

The US Department of Energy (DOE) stores and generates significant amounts of low-level mixed wastes (LLMW) consisting of radioactive materials mixed with hazardous chemical substances. Many of these wastes are regulated under the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Land Disposal Restrictions and must be treated and disposed in compliance with applicable state and federal requirements. In general, treatment requirements include elimination of organic hazardous constituents and stabilization of inorganic hazardous constituents. Final waste forms must meet both EPA leach testing and DOE disposal acceptance criteria. The DOE currently does not have an adequate capability to meet these treatment objectives. The Mixed Waste Treatment Project has been established by the DOE to define needed LLMW treatment capabilities as a basis for either a prototype plant design or an existing facility modifications. Existing DOE mixed waste data bases were analyzed to identify the range of waste quantities and types and to define broad treatment categories needed to bring these wastes into compliance. Using these treatment categories as a starting point, we constructed a baseline flow sheet defining process steps from receipt through final form. From this baseline flow sheet, we developed functional and operational requirements (F ORs) for each process train. An initial set of near-term technologies was identified for each process step, and alternative near- and long-term options were listed. Based on these analyses, we identified technology gaps and improvement needs in the areas of characterization, waste handling, segregation and sorting, size reduction, decontamination, materials recycle, primary and secondary treatment for RCRA compliance, offgas treatment, and final waste forms.