What's New About Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in the Pediatric Population?

Gastroesophageal reflux is a physiological phenomenon but becomes pathological if troublesome symptoms and/or complications occur. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has different phenotypes ranging from non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), through reflux esophagitis and Barrett’s esophagus (BE). It can present with either typical symptoms such as regurgitation and heartburn, or extra-esophageal symptoms such as cough and laryngitis. There has been an increasing trend in the prevalence of GERD over the last two decades in otherwise healthy children of all ages. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of GERD in pediatric age group have been developed recently from evidence-based medicine. In most cases, diagnosis can be made from the history and physical examination. However, if the presentation is atypical or if response to empiric therapy is minimal, further evaluation is required.