Glutamate‐glutamine metabolism in the perfused rat liver

13C-NMR has been used to follow the metabolism of 13C-enriched substrates in isolated perfused rat liver. The fate of 90% enriched [2-13C]acetate has been studied in the perfused liver in order to investigate mitochondrial metabolism and the interrelations between cytosolic and mitochondrial pools of metabolites. Some compounds of the intermediary metabolism where found to be extensively labelled, e.g. glutamate, glutamine, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Under our experimental conditions, labelling of glutamate reached a steady-state within 30 min after the onset of perfusion of 20 mM acetate. In addition, the observed incorporation of 13C into glutamine can be linked to the operation of the glutamate-glutamine antiport and to the high activity of cytosolic glutamate synthetase. The finding of both active glutaminase and glutamine synthetase activity in the same liver cells is evidence of the existence of an active glutamine-glutamate futile cycle.