Gait Analysis: An Introduction

Basic sciences Anatomy Physiology Biomechanics References and suggestions for further reading Normal gait Walking and gait History Terminology used in gait analysis Outline of the gait cycle The gait cycle in detail Ground reaction forces Support moment Energy consumption Optimization of energy usage Starting and stopping Other varieties of gait Gait in the young Gait in the elderly References and suggestions for further reading Pathological and other abnormal gaits Specific gait abnormalities Walking aids Amputee gait Treadmill gait Common pathologies affecting gait References and suggestions for further reading Methods of gait analysis Visual gait analysis General gait parameters Timing the gait cycle Direct motion measurement systems Electrogoniometers Pressure beneath the foot Electromyography Energy consumption Accelerometers Gyroscopes Force platforms Kinematic systems Combined kinetic/kinematic systems References and suggestions for further reading Applications of gait analysis Clinical gait assessment Conditions benefiting from gait assessment Future developments ConclusionReferences and suggestions for further reading Gait assessment in cerebral palsy Basic physiology of movement The causes of cerebral palsy Spastic hemiplegia Spastic diplegia Other varieties of cerebral palsy Crouch gait Spasticity Lever arm dysfunction Gait patterns in cerebral palsy Gait assessment Overview of treatment Summary References and suggestions for further reading Gait analysis data on CD-ROM Computer requirements Running the CD Contents of the CD How to use the Polygon viewer Notes Acknowledgements Appendices 1. Normal ranges for gait parameters 2. Conversions between measurement units 3. Sources of further information Glossary Index