Intelligence-Led Policing

This paper is timely, given that is currently going through a period of significant change in both operational tactics and organisational structures. New ideas in crime reduction and changes to short- and long-term strategies are underway. Intelligence-led represents a recent approach and is one of the more prevalent of the current shifts in crime control philosophy and practice (Maguire 2000). Surprisingly, given the wide distribution of the term considerable confusion remains in regard to its actual meaning to both front-line officers and police management. This paper provides an introduction to and discusses some of the related limitations and opportunities. Adam Graycar Director Since the 1990s, policing (also known as intelligence-driven policing) has entered the lexicon of modern policing, especially in the UK and more recently Australia. Yet even with the ability of ideas and innovation to spread throughout the world at the click of a mouse, there is still a lack of clarity among many in law enforcement as to what is, what it aims to achieve, and how it is supposed to operate. This can be seen in recent inspection reports of Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) in the UK (HMIC 2001, 2002), and in the lack of clarity regarding in the United States. A recent summit in March 2002 of over 120 criminal intelligence experts from across the US, funded by the US government and organised by the International Association of Chiefs of Police, may become a turning point in within the US. The participants called for a National Intelligence Plan, with one of the core recommendations being to promote through a common understanding of criminal intelligence and its usefulness (IACP 2002, p. v). The aspirations of the summit are considerable, but what is unclear from the summit report is a sound understanding of the aims of and its relationship to crime reduction. As is now a term in common usage within Australian law enforcement (a search of web pages and media releases found the term intelligence-led in all Australian police sites and the web site of the Australian Crime Commission), it is timely to consider the origins of policing, the crime reduction levers it aims to pull, and the limitations and possibilities for this type of operational practice. Origins of Intelligence-led Policing Intelligence-led entered the police lexicon at some time around the early 1990s. As Gill (1998) has noted, the origins of are a little indistinct, but the earliest references to it originate in the UK where a seemingly inexorable rise in crime during the late 1980s and early 1990s coincided with increasing calls for police to be more effective and to be more cost-efficient. The driving forces for this move to a strategy were both external and internal to policing. External drivers included an inability of the traditional, reactive model of to cope with the rapid changes in globalisation which have increased opportunities for transnational organised crime and removed physical and technological barriers across the domain. In the society (Ericson & Haggerty 1997) the police were seen as the source of risk data for a range of external institutions. With such an influence beyond the boundaries of law enforcement, it was never going to be long before the new public management drive to increase efficiency in public agencies reached the police. At the same time there was an internal recognition that changes were taking place in the dynamic relationship between the private security industry and the public police. …