1986•Comprehensive physiologyRequires access
Control of Breathing in Birds
Peter Scheid, Johannes Piiper
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Abstract
The sections in this article are: 1 Structure of Avian Respiratory System 2 Factors that Affect Breathing 2.1 Respiratory Gases 2.1.1 Oxygen 2.1.2 Carbon Dioxide 2.2 Other Factors 2.2.1 Stretch 2.2.2 Temperature 2.2.3 Irritant Gases 3 Afferent Pathways Mediating Respiratory Stimuli 3.1 Chemoreceptors 3.1.1 Carotid Bodies 3.1.2 Intrapulmonary Chemoreceptors 3.1.3 Cardiac CO2-Sensitive Receptors 3.2 Other Receptors 4 Involvement of Receptor Systems in Chemical Control of Breathing 4.1 Vagal Afferents 4.2 Carotid Bodies and O2 Sensitivity 4.3 Sensitivity to CO2 4.3.1 Carotid Bodies 4.3.2 Central Chemoreceptors 4.3.3 Intrapulmonary Chemoreceptors 4.3.4 Relative Significance of Receptor Systems in CO2 Sensitivity 5 Central Respiratory Areas 6 Respiration in Special Conditions 6.1 Breathing at Elevated Metabolism 6.2 Breathing in Hot Environments 6.3 Respiration and Diving 6.4 Respiration at High Altitude 7 Conclusions: Control of Breathing in Birds Versus Mammals