On Some Mathematical Connections between the Cyclic Universe, Inflationary Universe, p-Adic Inflation, p-Adic Cosmology and Various Sectors of Number Theory

This paper is a review, a thesis, of some interesting results that has been obtained in various researches concerning the “brane collisions in string and M-theory” (Cyclic Universe), p-adic inflation and p-adic cosmology. In the Section 1 we have described some equations concerning cosmic evolution in a Cyclic Universe. In the Section 2, we have described some equations concerning the cosmological perturbations in a Big Crunch/Big Bang space-time, the M-theory model of a Big Crunch/Big Bang transition and some equations concerning the solution of a braneworld Big Crunch/Big Bang Cosmology. In the Section 3, we have described some equations concerning the generatine Ekpyrotic curvature perturbations before the Big Bang, some equations concerning the effective five-dimensional theory of the strongly coupled heterotic string as a gauged version of N = 1 five-dimensional supergravity with four-dimensional boundaries, and some equations concerning the colliding branes and the origin of the Hot Big Bang. In the Section 4, we have described some equations regarding the “null energy condition” violation concerning the inflationary models and some equations concerning the evolution to a smooth universe in an ekpyrotic contracting phase with w > 1. In the Section 5, we have described some equations concerning the approximate inflationary solutions rolling away from the unstable maximum of p-adic string theory. In the Section 6, we have described various equations concerning the p-adic minisuperspace model, zeta strings, zeta nonlocal scalar fields and p-adic and adelic quantum cosmology. In the Section 7, we have showed various and interesting mathematical connections between some equations concerning the p-adic Inflation, the p-adic quantum cosmology, the zeta strings and the brane collisions in string and M-theory. Furthermore, in each section, we have showed the mathematical connections with various sectors of Number Theory, principally the Ramanujan’s modular equations, the Aurea Ratio and the Fibonacci’s numbers.