Digital Typefaces: Description and Formats

1. Introduction.- 2. Typeface terminology.- 3. Display of typefaces.- 3.1 Visual display devices.- 3.2 Typesetting machines.- 3.3 NC machines.- 4. Requirements of typesetting.- 4.1 Type structure.- 4.2 Form setting.- 4.3 Hierarchical format structure.- 5. Formats.- 5.1 Review of formats.- 5.1.1 Bitmaps (bytemaps).- 5.1.2 Run lengths.- 5.1.3 Open vectors.- 5.1.4 Closed vectors.- 5.1.5 Curved lines.- 5.2 Other concepts.- 5.3 Special coding techniques.- 5.4 Listing of a selection of type manufacturers.- 6. The URW concept.- 6.1 IKARUS.- 6.2 Format hierarchy at URW.- 6.3 IK interpolation.- 6.4 Nimbus.- 6.4.1 Core-fonts.- 6.4.2 Hard scanning.- 6.4.3 Scaling.- 6.4.4 Selection.- 6.4.5 Descriptive elements.- 6.4.6 Intelligent font-scaling.- 6.4.7 The resolution funnel.- 7. The preparation of rasters.- 7.1 Soft-scanning.- 7.2 Manual corrections.- 7.2.1 Corrections on stems.- 7.2.2 Corrections on serifs.- 7.2.3 Corrections on segments of letters.- 7.2.4 Intersection of diagonals.- 7.2.5 Stems with slight slopes.- 7.2.6 Ink traps.- 7.2.7 Tails.- 7.3 SC formats for laser printers.- 8. Industry Standards.- 8.1 Type 1 (by Jochen Lau).- 8.2 Intellifont (by Jochen Lau).- 8.3 TrueType Format (by Hartmut Schwarz).- 8.3.1 How the TrueType File is Structured.- 8.3.2 TrueType Tables.- 8.3.3 Outline Representation.- 8.3.4 Scan Converter.- 8.3.5 The Instructions.- 8.4 F3 Unix (by Jochen Lau).- 9. Conclusions.- 9.1 Properties of formats.- 9.1.1 Electronic requirements for the generation of control signals.- 9.1.2 Storage requirements.- 9.2 Requirements to be met by formats.- 9.3 Recommendations for manufacturers.- 9.4 Time required for producing type.- Appendices.- A Type classification.- B Characters of a typeface.- C Accents for Latin type.- D Dingbats.- E Explanation of optical effects.- F Short dictionary of type terminology.- G Data structure for typefaces.- H Description of the IK format.- I Description of the BE, CN and QQ format.- J Description of the II format (by Jochen Lau).- K Description of the DI format.- L Description of the VC format.- M Description of the BS format.- N Description of the VE format.- O Description of the SC format.- P Description of the SN format.- Q Description of the BI format.- R Description of the GS format.- S Data structure for spacing.- T Width table.- U Kerning table.- V Touching and Overlapping table.- W Programs for converting IK ? DI.- X Marking and digitizing rules.- Y References, on typefaces in particular.- Z Index.