Removal of enteric viruses from surface water at eight waterworks in The Netherlands

Eight waterworks in The Netherlands, which use surface water as their raw water source, were sampled repeatedly between November 1978 and June 1981. At five waterworks , 30 of 45 samples of raw water contained viruses. Of 55 samples of partially purified water, 11 were virus positive, including 8 after coagulation, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration, 2 after storage, coagulation, sedimentation, transport chlorination, and rapid sand filtration, and 1 after storage in open reservoirs for 5 months. No viruses were detected in 100 samples of drinking water of 500 liters each from six waterworks . Most isolated viruses were typed, and a great variety of human enteroviruses were found, reflecting both pollution of raw water sources with sewage and vaccination with oral polio vaccine in neighboring countries.