Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: Understanding, investigation and repair

Preface. Acknowledgements. Glossary. Introduction. Corrosion of steel in concrete: The corrosion process. Black rust. Pits, stray current and bacterial corrosion. Electrochemistry, cells and half cells. Conclusions. Causes and mechanisms of corrosion and corrosion damage in concrete: Carbonation. Chloride attack. Corrosion damage. Vertical cracks, horizontal cracks and corrosion. The synergistic relationship between chloride attack, chloride binding and release. Condition evaluation: Preliminary survey. Detailed survey. Available techniques. Visual inspection. Delamination. Cover. Half cell potential measurements. Carbonated depth measurement. Chloride determination. Resistivity masurement. Corrosion rate measurement. Other useful tests for corrossion assessment. Survey and assessment methodology. Monitoring. Special conditions: coated rebars and prestressing. Physical and chemical repair and rehabilitation techniques: Concrete removal and surface preparation. Patches. Coating, sealers, membranes and barriers. Encasement and overlays. Sprayed concrete. Corrosion inhibitors. Electrochemical repair techniques: Basic principles of electrochemical techniques. Cathodic protection. The components of an impressed current cathodic protection system. Cathodic protecton system design. Control criteria. System installation. Cathodic protection of prestressed concrete. Cothodic protection of epoxy coated reinforcing steel. Cathodic protection of structures with ASR. Chloride removal. Realkalisation. Comparison of techniques. Rehabilitation methodology: Technical differences between repair options. Repair costs. Cabonation options. Summary of options for carbonation repairs. Chloride options. Summary. Understanding and calculating the corrosion of steel in concrete: Initiation time To, carbonation induced corrosion. Chloride ingress rates (initiation). Rate of depassivation (activation). Deterioration and corrosive rates. Corrosion without spalling. Pitting corrosion. Cracking and spalling rates, condition indices and end of functioning service life. Summary of methodology to determine service life. Building for durability: Cover, concrete and design. Fusion bonded epoxy coated rebars. Waterproofing membranes. Penetrating sealers. Galvinized rebar. Stainless steel reinforcement. Corrosion inhibitors. Installing cathodic protestion in new structures. Durable buildings. Conclusions. Future developments. Appendix A: Bodies involved in corrosion and repair of reinforced concrete. Appendix B: Stategic highway research program: published reports on concrete and structures (concrete and the corrosion of steel in atmospherically exposed reinforced concrere bridge componants suffering from chloride induced corrosion.) Appendix C: Strategic highway research program: unpublished reports on concrete and structures (concrete and the corrosion of steel in atmospherically exposed reinforced concret