Innate Immunity in the Recognition of β-Cell Antigens in Type 1 Diabetes

Innate Immunity in the Recognition of -Cell Antigens in Type 1 Diabetes 139 pathogens, toxins, and other foreign molecules.It includes thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, tonsils, and various cells and molecules such as white blood cells, antibodies, and cytokines.The immune response is the defensive mechanism of immune system to protect body against those invasions, which is built on two separate foundation pillars: the innate and adaptive immune response.The adaptive immune response is an antigenspecific process by which the immune system discriminates non-self antigens.As suggested by its name, adaptive immune response is highly adaptable, antigen-specific, but its response is relatively slow.It recognizes an unlimited number of antigens by antigen receptors or immunoglobulins which went through somatic hypermutation to acquire their high diversity.In contrast, the innate immune response is the primary defensive mechanism against environmental threats in a non-specific manner, which is evolutionally older than its counterpart, the adaptive immune system.The innate immune system can be found in all classes of plants and animals and is the dominant immune system in insects, plants, fungi, and multicellular organisms.It distinguishes invading molecules from host component by recognizing conserved constituents of foreign molecules.The differences and similarities between innate and adaptive immune response are described in Table 1.