Pruning, training, growth, and plant size.

Pruning is most often performed during the winter while training usually includes dormant and summer pruning and growth placement during the growing season. A major goal of training is to direct plant growth to minimize the amount of pruning needed for the desired effect. The reasons for pruning, pruning equipment, wound treatment, when to prune, physiology of pruning, pruning and photosynthesis, and training systems are discussed.