Synthesis, characterization and applications of quadruple hydrogen bonded polymers

The enzyme geranylgeranyl reductase (CHL P) catalyses the reduction of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytyl diphosphate in higher-plant chloroplasts and provides phytol for both chlorophyll (Chl) and tocopherol synthesis. The reduction in CHL P activity in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants is accompanied by the reduction in total Chl and tocopherol content and the accumulation of geranylgeranylated Chl (ChlGG). The photosynthetic performance and the susceptibility to photo-oxidative stress have been investigated in these transgenic plants. The reduced total Chl content in Chl P antisense plants resulted in the reduction of electron transport chains per leaf area without a concomitant effect on the stoichiometry, composition and activity of both photosystems. However, Chl P antisense plants were much more sensitive to light stress. Analyses of Chl fluorescence quenching indicated an increased photoinhibitory quenching at the expense of the pH-dependent fluorescence quenching after short illumination (15 min) at moderate light intensities. Prolonged illumination (up to 1 h) at saturating light intensities induced an increased photoinactivation from which the Chl P antisense plants could not recover or could only partially recover during a subsequent low light phase. Our data imply that the presence of ChlGG has no influence on harvesting and transfer of light energy in either photosystem. However, the reduced tocopherol content of the thylakoid membrane is a limiting factor for defensive reactions to photo-oxidative stress.